In the context of modern commerce, franchise agreements is a mode of distributing goods or services based on network of independent partners, whose distinct but combined efforts have proved that franchising can increase the power and efficiency of this distribution.In developed countries almost everyone is familiar with the term franchising, or has at least had some contact with the products or services offered by franchises. But in our country this term 'only is unknown for people but also for majority of trader and lawyer is too strange. What is franchising? How does it work? And why, over the last 10 to 20 years, has franchising become the fastest growing way of doing business in developed countries? This article in, first section, endeavours to answer the questions posed above and provide the reader with a basic understanding of haw franchising works. It will discuss the benefits given by a franchise, and some disadvantages of this almost new legal phenomenon. In second section of this paper franchise agreement would be consider in perspective of EC competition law.

The issue of soil salinity is one of the snags for increasing agricultural productivity, which must be inhibited by appropriate devise and scientific management. One way to identify salty areas of farm lands is to prepare salinity maps. In this study, a prototype soil apparent electrical conductivity measuring and mapping device, was designed and built. This device employs direct contact method of electrodes with soil (Also called Wenner method). The system inputs include power supply voltage, location signal from a GPS receiver and signal of voltage between the electrodes. The outputs include the apparent electrical conductivity with respective to geographical coordinate that created in a TEXT file, and then transmitted through a RS-232 serial port to a PC.Electrical conductivity data calibrated and mapped using ESAP-95 software package. To evaluate the device, electrical conductivity map of a land with area of 0.8 Ha surveyed in two ways: using the on the go EC mapper and capturing soil samples manually. The results of these two methods were then compared. Assessment of the device in a clay-loamy soil with low salt level, showed a good correlation with the laboratory EC, having mean error (ME) of -15.27mS.cm-1. Point to point comparison between surveyed data and laboratory EC’s shown that in 67 percent of measurements the errors were under 10 percent. These errors are acceptable mainly due to unknown soil variables and in comparison with other research findings.

In most executive projects, changes and rework have become one of the main risks in this area, so providing a cost management model for registering, evaluating, controlling, and managing change can play an important role in achieving project goals. In this study, field studies and questionnaires and interviews with experts, information and relevant records were collected, which resulted in finding 16 of the most effective changes in the cost of executive EC projects in the oil industry. Then, based on the management model of each of the changes presented in this research, using a hybrid method of multi-criteria decision making of hierarchical analysis (AHP) and gray relationship analysis (GRA), to provide management structure to change the cost of EC projects in the field of EC industry. This research could be useful in reducing the risk of budgeting and managing the cost of change and minimizing its impact on EC projects in the oil industry.

Water as a production input, like other inputs has demand and thereby price. The applicants of this important source buy water with considering the kind of its consumption and the values of its output. The aim of this paper is to determine the value of groundwater irrigation water in Mybodcounty, Iran. To find the market price of irrigation water in agricultural sector the production function was used. This method is used when the unit price of water is not distinguishable in market place. Therefore, the cluster sampling method is used, some 183 questionnaires were completed for determining the values of water and land in 2010.The findings indicated than the marginal production per unit of water was higher than corresponding cost of pumping.